A) homologous structures.
B) analogous structures.
C) identical structures.
D) vestigial structures.
E) not comparable in any way. The forelimbs of all vertebrates are homologous since they are inherited from a common ancestor, regardless of the superficial appearance of the structures.
G) A) and C)
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A) Both scenarios begin with a population of giraffes that contains variation.
B) Both scenarios expose the giraffes to an environmental pressure or challenge) .
C) Both scenarios involve only an individual, not a population.
D) Both scenarios involve differential reproductive success.
E) Both scenarios involve giraffes of equal fitness.
G) C) and D)
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A) Cytochrome c has evolved multiple times among many species.
B) Cytochrome c has the same function in all organisms.
C) The genetic code for cytochrome c differs among species.
D) Cytochrome c is found in a variety of organisms from yeast to humans.
E) Cytochrome c plays a role critical to survival. Cytochrome c sequence comparisons show evolution in that this molecule has a common function important for cellular metabolism and it is present in many species but is variable among them. This pattern illustrates that cytochrome c evolved once in an ancestor and was passed to all of its descendents with modification through time unique to each species.
G) A) and C)
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A) natural selection.
B) biogeography.
C) comparative anatomy.
D) geology.
E) paleontology. Observing that plants and animals are distributed differently among varying environments is the basis for the science of biogeography.
G) A) and C)
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A) The marsupial anatomy is better adapted to the environments of Australia than is the anatomy of placental mammals.
B) The placental anatomy is better adapted to the environments of North and South America than is the anatomy of marsupial mammals.
C) When the continents separated from one another, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas.
D) Marsupials outcompeted the placental mammals in Australia.
E) Australian mammals have a different common ancestor than mammals elsewhere in the world. When the continents separated from one another through continental drift, marsupials on Australia did not have the placental competitors that were present in the Americas. The mix of plants and animals determine the course of evolution.
G) D) and E)
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A) different breeds of dogs: poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc.
B) different varieties of roses: yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc.
C) different types of tomatoes: roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc.
D) different styles of potatoes: fried, mashed, baked, etc.
E) different breeds of cats: Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc. Artificial selection is the process of humans choosing which individuals reproduce based on traits they wish to see increased in future generations. All of the options are examples of artificial selection except D) . All these styles of potatoes are simply different ways of preparing the same vegetable.
G) C) and E)
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B) False
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B) False
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A) both are descendants from a recent common ancestor.
B) each have adapted in very similar ways to similar habitats.
C) the similarity of the two unrelated species is simply coincidence.
D) the two species were created to have similarities.
E) the two species must be related to possess such like qualities. Unrelated species living in widely separated, yet similar habitats have each independently evolved comparable adaptations for survival and therefore have similar appearances. This is called convergent evolution since two species have converged on a similar adaptive form to solve similar environmental pressures.
G) None of the above
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A) new and different processes are continually shaping the Earth in new and different ways.
B) the processes that shape the Earth today are the same process that have always shaped the Earth.
C) the processes that shape the Earth occur at a constant rate.
D) the processes that shape the Earth slow down over time.
E) the processes that shape the Earth occur uniformly around the globe. Lyell's theory of uniformitarianism stated that the processes that shape the Earth occur at a uniform rate.
G) C) and E)
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A) bacteria
B) increased resistance
C) antibiotics
D) the human ear
E) the ear infection Antibiotics are considered the selective agent because they kill nonresistant bacteria while resistant bacteria survive.
G) C) and D)
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A) mass extinctions did not occur.
B) offspring inherited characteristics that were acquired by their parents during their lifetime.
C) similar organisms do not share common ancestors.
D) humans descended from apes.
E) natural selection was the source of all diversity. Lamarck hypothesized that evolution occurs due to the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
G) None of the above
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A) Organisms always evolve the characteristics they need to survive.
B) Some individuals within the population must die for natural selection to occur.
C) Darwin used molecular biology as evidence of evolution.
D) Natural selection can only work on variation that already exists.
E) Convergent evolution produces homologous structures. Natural selection can only operate on existing variation.
G) B) and C)
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A) someone brought the shells to the top of the mountain.
B) shelled marine animals live on the top of mountains.
C) very high ocean waves brought the shells to the top of the mountain.
D) the mountain top was once under the ocean and has been uplifted.
E) marine animals are not restricted to living in the ocean. Observing marine fossils on mountaintops indicate that the land used to be underwater and has subsequently been uplifted.
G) A) and B)
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A) Both supported the ideas of Cuvier.
B) Both were familiar with the writings of Lyell.
C) Both traveled the world and collected specimens for museums in England.
D) Both were naturalists.
E) Both collected specimens from islands in the Malayan Archipelago. Darwin was an untrained naturalist, while Wallace was an English-trained biologist. Both were well read in the works of Lyell and Malthus, traveled the world collecting specimens for museums, and spent a large amount of time on islands.
G) A) and E)
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A) The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize.
B) The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America.
C) The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America.
D) The organisms on the islands varied from island to island.
E) The multiple islands all had an identical environment.
G) C) and E)
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A) develop the theory of evolution.
B) observe natural selection in action.
C) gather data on geologic processes from around the world.
D) describe as many different new species as possible.
E) expand the Navy's knowledge of natural resources around the world.
G) B) and E)
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A) There is geographic isolation from mainland species.
B) Multiple islands exist.
C) Food is plentiful and diverse on every island.
D) The islands are small compared to the South American mainland.
E) Each island has its own unique environment. Island clusters such as the Galápagos offer opportunities for multiple species to evolve since they are isolated, small, have different environments, and food is often either scarce or different from that available on the mainland.
G) B) and C)
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B) False
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B) False
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